The brain has been recognized as one of the organs that is most vulnerable to microwave radiation. 2 Researchers have been working. 2000;284:30017. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Article 2008;29:52738. 2009;158:12639. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. 2012;35:32534. PubMed Article Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. 2004;115:1490505. Microwaves can influence mitochondria by damaging their structure [45], reducing ATP levels and affecting the activity of relevant enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and cytochrome coxidase (COX) [119,120,121]. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Conductors will strongly absorb microwaves and any lower frequencies because they will cause electric currents which will heat the material. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Surg Neurol. Behav Brain Res. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. 2015;91:42634. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. The above results indicate a positive biological effect of microwave radiation and present a challenge with regard to how people can benefit from microwave radiation. Article Zhang et al. 1990;39:13543. Bioelectromagnetics. In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. A popular focus among researchers is the damage that microwave radiation causes in the central nervous system, in which it can impair learning and memory. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. 2009;4:e4389. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. Neuroreport. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 2002;57:2702. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Pathophysiology. Springer Nature. 2010;3:4650. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 2005;161:3314. Article The results demonstrated the ability of electric magnetic field (EMF) to influence plasma melatonin and serotonin concentrations in radar workers. Long term and excessive use of 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation alter microRNA expression in brain. Chin J Birth Health Hered. 2011;343:5224. Yale J Biol Med. 2008;169:3845. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Sareesh et al. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Thus, Cosquer et al. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. Smythe JW, Costall B. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Electromagn Biol Med. Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. J Natl Cancer Inst. Behav Brain Res. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. 2012;3:3440. Google Scholar. Wang Q, Cao Z. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. . The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Exp Neurobiol. PubMed Central Bioelectromagnetics. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Bull Exp Biol Med. Gold PE. Neuroscience. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. J Med Food. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. & Hu, XJ. 2006;5:389. Indian J Occup Environ Med. fMicrowave Radiation Comes From Many Sources, Including: Cell phones. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. 2002;64:31353. 2012;25:1828. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. 2015;91:55561. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. . The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. CAS J Neurosci. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. 2007;96:218196. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. 2012;112:1715. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. 2014;12:75. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. J Neurosci Methods. 2010;2010. Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Google Scholar. J Neuro-Oncol. Dasdag et al. 2006;12:44651. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Acta Neurol Belg. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. This study concerns the effects of microwave on health because they pervade diverse fields of our lives. 2015;148:150. Article The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. 2008;22:9927. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . 2004;996:8996. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003;80:194210. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Article 2015;28:1324. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. The SAR of the two groups were 0.303W/kg and 0.003W/kg. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. 2014:125. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. eliminating microwave and RF sources. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. By using this website, you agree to our Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. PubMed Lee TM, Ho SM, Tsang LY, Yang SY, Li LS, Chan CC. 1999;9:3438. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Google Scholar. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Xu et al. Qiao et al. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. 2012;31:25074. Hinrikus H, Bachmann M, Lass J, Karai D, Tuulik V. Effect of low frequency modulated microwave exposure on human EEG: individual sensitivity. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. statement and Mol Brain Res. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. 2000;11:16413. 2003;14:2436. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. Toxicol Sci. Finally, Hardell et al. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Fragopoulou et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Brain Res. 2007;28:187380. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. The results showed that gestational Wi-Fi exposure and restraint adversely affected offspring neurodevelopment and behavior in adulthood. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. 2006;27:295306. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. 2006;165:63644. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. 1994;15:95104. Joubert et al. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Schz J, Jacobsen R, Olsen JH, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Johansen C. Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure.
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