cost of supervising a building project in nigeria

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287 0 obj /S /P endobj 216 0 obj Ehimen..! /S /LBody The calculations in this post were done using the 1996 condition of engagement for architects which is still commonly used today. * Manage the cost of construction projects from pre-contract to post-contract stages. /P 452 0 R /MarkInfo <> /Lang (EN-GB) /P 471 0 R >> >> >> Your presentations are quite educative and I have gained a lot more. /Lang (EN-GB) << /K 47 << So, its a business decision. /Pg 21 0 R >> endobj /Pg 20 0 R << /K 26 /K 12 endobj /S /P /S /P /Pg 21 0 R /S /P endobj 82 0 obj /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] It on us lies on architectural bodies such as Archon and NIA to wake up and protect the interest of practicing architect in Nigeria. >> /Artifact /P endobj endobj /K 70 /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) 12 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /K 16 uuid:0f91b3d7-4433-4375-960a-791b670ff8c4 The study therefore, recommends that building construction projects delivery decision makers should endeavour to implement the findings of research in order to encourage project execution success. /K 5 /P 471 0 R 165 0 obj endobj /P 10 0 R /Pg 20 0 R endobj endobj /Pg 18 0 R << 10 [123 0 R null null 322 0 R null null null 323 0 R null null 175 0 obj >> /K [406 0 R 407 0 R] /Tabs /S /K 15 56 0 obj /S /P /Pg 21 0 R The Port of Onne Complex contains two major terminals: the Federal Ocean Terminal and the Federal Lighter Terminal. >> /Pg 16 0 R endobj >> The research aimed at appraising or assessing supervision of building projects in Ekpoma, Edo state. On building projects, Architects are aware they are to charge 4.75% but often wrongly apply it. endobj How to Calculate Architects fees using the most recent condition of engagement (2016) by clicking here. << /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P endobj >> /S /P /P 506 0 R /Pg 21 0 R /K 86 /Parent 9 0 R /TT5 361 0 R endobj /Pg 20 0 R /S /LBody 39 0 obj /P 481 0 R /ColorSpace << /Pg 17 0 R /S /P << /Lang (EN-GB) << /Lang (EN-GB) /P 386 0 R << /Parent 9 0 R /P 450 0 R endobj 0000001101 00000 n << Oversee the implementation of construction works in terms of quality, quantity and rate of progress of work achievement. /Lang (EN-GB) << Your email address will not be published. /K 11 /Pg 23 0 R << /S /LBody Once you are ready to start your construction, make sure to have a clear budget, showing how you will spend your money on each element or item on your building project. << 2. Centenary City is the largest and most expensive construction project in Nigeria. }$p>7Prv"eB;lBn+JKzb;:r~1Zx S)Sp,|^(Q]Q=DB` @YMt2tI(hH\*[G >^FEfaS3k6y0Rx?rQ9 5=vb3&yH3{!4r:.4L- :$LT}2qw=>{nTc%tNq&e0XNfm;!}y#p0M:[peV;t$*IiF+ eQX /*q"LNDVJ*MFWy|M^v:V|NhgYS 7r6lZ^Kx8uuBBF^+Z>}?XMsN{;h45 ~s /K 26 >> ] /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /S /P >> /S /P >> /S /LBody /S /P /P 10 0 R /P 426 0 R /TT1 359 0 R /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] 4. /Pg 20 0 R This fee does not include accommodation if the project is beyond Bali, and if the job can not be completed within the time specified in the contract, will be charged extra as additional time for project completion. 15 0 obj >> << /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R /Tabs /S 112 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /S /P endobj 170 0 obj /Parent 8 0 R >> 162 0 obj /Nums [0 [25 0 R 26 0 R 27 0 R 28 0 R 29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R 34 0 R <> endobj 241 0 obj 333 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R I'm sure the Architect in question is competent, to me that's all that matters. /TT1 359 0 R /P 461 0 R '#g[ /Lang (EN-GB) 35 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R << /Lang (EN-GB) /K 25 endobj << /Pg 17 0 R /P 471 0 R /S /P /K 3 /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /S /P /Pg 21 0 R /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 23 0 R The City will have a mixed-use urban centre, a central business district, a financial centre, a museum and cultural centre to promote African and global arts, world-class hotels, Grade A offices, residential districts, an 18-hole golf course, polo and country club, an international convention center, sports and leisure facilities, a safari Park, educational institutions, healthcare and community amenities.It is to be private-sector driven. 248 0 obj /Pg 17 0 R /Resources << AJOL is a non-profit, relying on your support. >> /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P >> /Lang (EN-GB) endobj >> endobj /S /P /Pg 20 0 R >> /Lang (EN-GB) >> /P 10 0 R >> /StructParents 9 overruns in building projects executed in Nigeria using the system. /Lang (EN-US) endobj /S /P 79 0 obj %PDF-1.5 /CropBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /S /P /Pg 21 0 R << >> 317 0 obj /S /P << /S /P >> /K 75 endobj /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj 111 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /K 41 /Lang (EN-GB) 263 0 obj 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 111 0 R 112 0 R 113 0 R 114 0 R] /P 422 0 R /TT4 361 0 R endobj Next 10=50%. << /S /LBody /K 2 /K 59 /Resources << 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R /P 10 0 R endobj /P 453 0 R Reimbursable expenses are 1% of the ETC, out of which the architect is entitled to 40% if it is a building project. /S /LBody /S /P endobj 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R /K 83 Required fields are marked *, School of Estate celebrates successful completion of her Real Estate Business Course 53rd Stream, The Affordable Mass Housing Provision N3trillion Pension Boost, Why cement price is highest in Kano, Lagos markets, Stakeholders query FGs costly housing prices nationwide. /Lang (EN-GB) /K 2 /Type /Page >> /K 29 endobj >> /Pg 20 0 R /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Outlines 3 0 R /S /P /P 464 0 R /Pg 24 0 R >> /Pg 20 0 R >> endobj endobj Olokola Deapsea Port is a project that is set to be constructed in Ondo State. /S /P >> /K 108 /Pg 20 0 R /S /P 126 0 obj 2015-10-28T20:42:14+03:00 /Lang (EN-GB) stream /K 1 endobj >> >> 303 0 obj /P 464 0 R /Im3 370 0 R Work is underway that will bring the total length to 1500 meters and the number of berths to six. 185 0 obj 131 0 obj /S /P /K 12 /S /P x]Kf$A&v';{fB/eY Q@}5"u7 /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /S /S << << endobj >> The decking should be completed in October after the rains. << /S /P << endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /K 18 /S /LBody 6 largest construction projects in Nigeria, Upcoming construction projects in Tanzania 2020, The ultimate guide to registering with CIDB Mauritius as contractor, Total survives censure in suit challenging EACOP oil project, Norrsken Kigali House boosts Kigali prospects, Construction projects in Kenya that are changing the face of the country, Lobito Corridor Transit Transport Facilitation Agency agreement, Worlds first Eco-tourism based BAOBAB luxury safari resort in Africa, Five concrete construction projects for the DIY enthusiast, Africa CDC headquarters being constructed in Ethiopia nears completion, Innovative sewer system benefits Nairobi River Communities, Sanral defends move to award tender to Chinese JV after backlash, Trans-Sahara Highway: Niger section almost complete, South Africas energy mix will be much cheaper with renewables-study, Values of prime residential real estate in Nairobi drop-report, Mortgage uptake in Kenya records major drop, Kenya economy will withstand politics, official says. /K 14 180 0 obj /P 485 0 R /P 452 0 R >> But make sure you dont stretch your budget to the limit. 0000001281 00000 n >> Choices are varied for indoor or outdoor furniture. 171 0 obj >> /Lang (EN-GB) Fig 1.2 Map of Edo state . /Pg 20 0 R /Contents 378 0 R /K 35 << /S /P iii) In building projects, time frame is part of what is put into when embarking on a project. /P 430 0 R /P 463 0 R /K 73 endobj /Rotate 0 >> endobj /Pg 21 0 R How did you come about this cost per sqm for projects in Nigeria "In Nigeria, you can use a value of between N70,000 - N150,000 per square meter depending on the quality of construction (2018 . /P 10 0 R /K 128 /S /P >> endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /P 502 0 R 2 0 obj >> endobj /S /P >> 53 0 obj /Resources << 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R 161 0 R /K 60 124 0 obj << endobj /Parent 9 0 R /P 503 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) <> /Pg 20 0 R >> endobj << /Pg 20 0 R 163 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R >> >> endobj 191 0 obj fat Lekki, Lagos State, Nigeria. << 268 0 obj endobj endobj /Pg 15 0 R 130 0 obj 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R null null << /Endnote /Note << /Pg 21 0 R << /Pg 20 0 R 320 0 obj endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P One of the things to put into cognizance if you are to supervise building projects is that you will always be expected to spend more at the end of the day, so earmark at least 20% of the estimate for your building for contingencies. @/Kk!XThC0 >> >> /P 10 0 R /P 455 0 R /K 16 I trust you are doing good too. /Subscript /Span /Chart /Figure /P 500 0 R 269 0 obj /Pg 15 0 R 155 0 obj endobj << endobj endobj /Lang (EN-GB) endobj << /Lang (EN-GB) /K 17 /Lang (EN-GB) Hi Tayo, thanks for your observation. /P 461 0 R /Type /Pages /S /P >> 256 0 obj endobj Keywords: Actual cost, cost overrun, estimated cost, Nigeria, building projects. /S /P /P 467 0 R /P 483 0 R 301 0 obj /S /P endobj /Pg 20 0 R endobj << /P 452 0 R 84 0 obj I always enjoy reading your articles.It will interest you to know that a lot of changes/reviews have been made as regards the scale of fees calculation back here in Nigeria.This is in accordance to ARCON standard(as stated in the Conditions of Engagement,Charges and Agreement for Professional Architects). /P 10 0 R 194 0 obj >> >> 14 0 obj 72 0 obj >> endobj 106 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /S /P >> /K 99 << /S /P /S /P 273 0 obj 202 0 obj endobj 35 0 R 36 0 R 37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R >> endobj Labour cost for mixing, pouring and consolidation of concrete = 170,000 Supervision cost = 50,000 Casting of ground floor slab = 1,633,300 Therefore, the tentative cost of raising the building from foundation to DPC is 5,193,935 without the contractor's profit and overhead. >> << When ETC changes in the course of the project, stages 1 & 2 of the architects fees can remain the same, but Stage 3 must be calculated with the TCS. >> 135 >> >> /Strikeout /Span >> >> endobj /P 451 0 R /Pg 24 0 R /S /P 0000008248 00000 n /S /P /S /P 324 0 obj 6 0 obj :lfSJk5w|=9[bq^;467|+hC>S]gtiuT,bDu7;58LM).s08hr;0O. /S /P /S /P 226 0 obj << 3. /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) >> /Pg 20 0 R /S /P * Negotiate and settle final accounts. /TT3 361 0 R /Lang (EN-US) /S /P >> /S /P You are the boss and pay only when the job is satisfactory. HUK6W P|EN{h69`+I}gH pofGxZ]0j;T-p)c P=8lF zehn5j~3vv /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 14 0 R Thank you for your detailed presentation. /Lang (EN-GB) /K 1 endobj endobj Work Supervision includes several aspects: To design a format that is obtained in hard copy paper is composed of A3 and A4 as an attachment to adjust the selection of the selected design package. /Subtype /Link >> << /K 101 /Lang (EN-GB) A competent professional with 12 years of experience in supervision,estimation and planning of building structure, interior fit outs, road & infra structure works. Handed over residential project of 354 villas (Sipchem Home Ownership Program) including interior fit outs. Last experience was with industrial construction comprises of Project & maintenance for three units of total . /K 9 stream /S /P /P 464 0 R /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /K [410 0 R 411 0 R 412 0 R 413 0 R 414 0 R 415 0 R] /P 468 0 R /C2_0 374 0 R /Pg 20 0 R 337 0 obj /K 37 << /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /K 13 >> 113 0 obj Once you have ascertained the estimated total cost (ETC) of construction the next thing is to break it down. /Rotate 0 /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] endobj /Lang (EN-US) /P 491 0 R /TT0 363 0 R 0000001020 00000 n /Filter /FlateDecode /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /Font << << 244 0 obj >> /P 10 0 R 5. /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 17 0 R /Length 3582 158 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) endobj >> 4 [73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R null null 130 0 R null null null 131 0 R endobj << 78 0 obj /S /P Lagos - Badagry Expressway Expansion Project /Pg 15 0 R Take the total and that is your total professional fee. >> endobj << /K 20 /Type /Page /Lang (EN-GB) . /StructParents 8 296 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R endobj xref Once you understand the fee calculation for architects, you can easily apply it to that of the quantity surveyor, structural engineer, mechanical or electrical engineer. /Pg 18 0 R /S /P >> /Resources << /Parent 4 0 R 304 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /TT0 363 0 R /P 497 0 R << endobj /Rotate 0 /K 41 >> /Lang (EN-GB) endobj 76 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /LBody /Pg 20 0 R /S /P /Pg 23 0 R /S /LBody /P 10 0 R << endobj /S /L /Pg 20 0 R /S /P >> << endobj 0000002018 00000 n Construction work is expected to cost $1.9 billion. /P 10 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /P 455 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 22 0 R /Type /Pages /P 454 0 R /P 10 0 R << /P 508 0 R endobj 81 0 obj To avoid disasters, make sure your contractor stipulates his health measures for his workers especially in a large building. << 33 0 obj << << /Pg 15 0 R /K 85 endstream endobj 40 0 obj <> endobj 41 0 obj <> endobj 42 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>> endobj 43 0 obj <> endobj 44 0 obj <> endobj 45 0 obj <> endobj 46 0 obj <>stream /Pg 24 0 R /Type /Page endobj << /Pg 16 0 R /S /P endobj /S /P >> 315 0 obj /K 51 >> /P 468 0 R /K 6 1 [37 0 R 38 0 R 39 0 R 40 0 R 41 0 R 42 0 R 43 0 R 44 0 R] /S /P >> << /Pg 15 0 R endstream /Lang (EN-GB) The balance of 60% is shared among the other consultants. 18 0 obj /K 40 /K 11 /TT4 360 0 R endobj <> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Border [0 0 0] endobj /K 13 /P 429 0 R /K 25 /Lang (EN-US) endobj 159 0 obj /Parent 8 0 R endobj << /S /P /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] endobj << 286 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /S /Sect endobj /S /P However,this article has helped me to understand these changes better.As I could compare your detailed breakdown and calculations with the revised one. /S /LBody Contingencies. endobj /CS0 [/ICCBased 353 0 R] /Lang (EN-GB) 314 0 obj /P 10 0 R Olokola Deep Seaport is expected to cost $12 billion making it one of the most expensive and largest construction projects in Nigeria. /Lang (EN-GB) 271 0 obj >> 307 0 obj 55 0 obj 94 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) /S /P /P 467 0 R << /Pg 21 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) /Pg 15 0 R /P 471 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /K 19 /Pg 17 0 R 187 0 obj 298 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) 153 0 obj The data were sourced from the archival records (drawings, bills of quantities, project progress reports, and specifications) on the issues relating to the costs and duration of building projects. >> 8,47kO:d^"fp`~. I am a result-oriented professional with 15+ years of Progressive Experience in Construction Project Management with roles in Estimating, Contract Administration, Vendor Management, Change & Claims Management and Project Controls of landmark Residential, ICI and Infrastructure projects cumulatively worth over CAD$1.50 Billion. Core Professional Strengths: Construction Cost & Contract . /S /P /K 117 /Pg 24 0 R /P 471 0 R 182 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R << In that case, what will you use to fight back or at least be paid compensation for your property? /K 63 >> /Pg 20 0 R endobj /K 4 <> /Lang (EN-GB) endobj /K 78 << 128 0 obj /Pg 21 0 R >> >> The entire projects had average cost overruns of 44.46%, with an average project completion of 52.4%, and within 91.4% of the average estimated time limit. >> /P 436 0 R /Kids [8 0 R 9 0 R] << << 8 [null null 293 0 R null null 109 0 R 294 0 R 295 0 R 296 0 R 297 0 R >> /P 469 0 R endobj /Lang (EN-GB) /P 456 0 R >> /P 459 0 R << However, the project has also faced delays. Create Project final report containing all activities during project implementation progress. /Lang (EN-GB) /P 466 0 R /K 19 /Pg 19 0 R endobj /K 116 /A 398 0 R <> >> 257 0 obj . /Pg 20 0 R >> << /P 468 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Rect [0.0 813.736 595.2 841.92] /P 480 0 R endobj Extensive reconstruction of the Lagos portion of the expressway began in 2010.When those renovations are completed the Lagos portion of the expressway will be widened from four lanes to ten lanes for road vehicles and a newmass transit linewill operate in the median. You can also subscribe below for even better posts. /P 456 0 R endobj /Type /Catalog 23 0 obj /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-US) /Pg 20 0 R << /Tabs /S /Pg 23 0 R /S /P /K 50 /P 10 0 R /S /P /K 10 214 0 obj There are instances where architects work on repetitive buildings. . /Pg 20 0 R /K 6 endobj /S /P /P 10 0 R endobj /P 425 0 R /TT2 356 0 R /K 66 >> endobj /TT1 359 0 R /S /P /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) Examples of Construction Supervision Fee in a sentence. >> /S /LBody /Subtype /Link endobj /Lang (EN-GB) As a result, there is an urgent need to address the high cost of these products which is said to have slowed down the growth of the building and construction sector in Nigeria.Building materials constitute the largest single input in housing construction. /Pg 21 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /K 79 >> 240 0 obj Once you break down your ETC with the above template, you then multiply each segment by its corresponding percentage. 92 0 obj >> null null null 318 0 R null null null 319 0 R null null << /K 21 endobj /Font << /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) <> >> /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-US) << << /Lang (EN-GB) /S /LBody /Lang (EN-GB) <> /ColorSpace << endobj >> 255 0 obj /K 97 /K 6 endobj /K 102 /P 387 0 R << >> /P 453 0 R >> /Superscript /Span << /Tabs /S >> 341 0 obj /Filter /FlateDecode /K 31 >> /Lang (EN-GB) >> 195 0 obj /Pg 20 0 R /Tabs /S endobj /S /P 225 0 obj >> What the Nigerian method of fee calculation can learn from Canada, 2020 Complete List of ARCON Accredited Schools of Architecture in Nigeria, How to Calculate Architects Fees Edition III, How to Calculate Architects Fees Edition II, 8 Clauses That Empower Architects On Construction Sites. /Lang (EN-US) << >> 215 0 obj >> << /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 17 0 R /Pg 22 0 R << << endobj /S /P 58 0 obj The objectives to achieve this aim included, examining the concept of supervision in building construction sites, identifying and examining factors that affects supervision . 66 0 obj << >> 254 0 obj 282 0 obj /S /P /MediaBox [0.0 0.0 595.2 841.92] /Lang (EN-GB) <> /P 476 0 R /Pg 20 0 R >> /Pages 4 0 R 123 0 obj endobj << /K 19 /K 23 >> /TT4 364 0 R 210 0 obj /K 26 /P 469 0 R 10 0 obj /Lang (EN-GB) null 313 0 R null null null 314 0 R null null null 315 0 R >> >> /P 467 0 R << /K 87 /S /LBody /S /P /Lang (EN-GB) /S /Table /P 389 0 R /S /P endobj /K 90 /P 10 0 R 5 0 obj 311 0 obj << >> >> 44 0 obj <br . 0000009232 00000 n /Pg 20 0 R 279 0 obj /K 55 When architects are hired to perform services beyond their normal services or contract period, then they are entitled to remuneration based on time charges. /P 10 0 R But the decision maker is the owner. /K 3 >> /StructParents 10 There can never be a fixed Price for architectural supervision. /K 27 >> 139 0 obj << endobj >> << /Lang (EN-GB) << 88 0 obj /S /P /Font << >> << endobj >> /S /P /Pg 21 0 R >> /K 82 /S /P /P 10 0 R . Payment system for supervision of work is periodically adjusted every month project value and duration of project implementation. /K 27 167 0 obj endobj endobj magnitude of cost that could be saved on the project , 3]. /F 0 << /ColorSpace << Get a capable and reputable contractor. 246 0 obj endobj << /Pg 20 0 R Copyright 2019 I CCE Online News I All Rights Reserved. /Lang (EN-GB) << /Pg 21 0 R /S /Table /Lang (EN-GB) /S /LBody 168 0 obj >> /K 13 /S /P >> endobj /S /P /D [20 0 R /XYZ 126 396 null] AJOL is a Non Profit Organisation that cannot function without donations. }m(hQseP2WNh9 tbM]e3<>8OVr7E9O5rvVNx&tO /eb; VfLtp6pvX /Pg 20 0 R /Pg 18 0 R /S /GoTo /Lang (EN-US) /TT0 363 0 R 99 0 obj /Pg 16 0 R /P 465 0 R /P 390 0 R endobj << endstream /Pg 22 0 R /Pg 23 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << << /S /P /Author (fat) /Lang (EN-GB) 278 0 obj /S /P << /Lang (EN-US) /Lang (EN-GB) /Lang (EN-GB) /P 10 0 R You dont multiply 4.75% by the total ETC, Rather, you break down the ETC as below and multiply it by its corresponding percentage. /S /P /K 0 /S /P /Pg 20 0 R /K 32 SaiduI. Today, over 110 companies operate in the zone that have made significant contributions to Nigeria's economy through their businesses of pipe-coating, selling pipes, treating waste, and building boats as well as other activities. >> /K 75 /Lang (EN-GB) >> endobj /K 3 /Resources << /K 71 endobj /P 10 0 R endobj /P 455 0 R /Pg 20 0 R /Lang (EN-GB) << << /First 7 0 R /Pg 23 0 R /P 479 0 R /S /P >> /S /P /S /P /S /P /K 5 /K 3 /Lang (EN-GB) 232 0 obj /S /P 143 0 obj 202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R I explain very clearly, up front, to my clients that "Cost" includes all materials, labor, labor overhead, direct job overhead costs, i.e.